Mac Easy 2010 May/Mac Life Ubuntu.iso/casper/filesystem.squashfs/usr/share/gnome/help/basic-commands/bg/basic-commands.xml

Extensible Markup Language | 2009-04-28 | 63.2 KB | 798 lines

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % globalent SYSTEM "../../libs/global.ent">
<!-- NAMES --><!ENTITY canonical-name "Canonical Ltd.">
<!ENTITY project-name "Ubuntu Documentation Project">
<!ENTITY ubuntu "<phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>">
<!ENTITY sg-title "Server Guide">
<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY distro-version "Jaunty Jackalope">
<!ENTITY distro-rev "9.04">
<!ENTITY distro-release-date "April 2009">
<!ENTITY distro-short-codename "jaunty">
<!ENTITY distro-apt-cd-name "Ubuntu 9.04_Jaunty_Jackalope">
<!ENTITY linux-kernel-version "2.6.27">
<!ENTITY gcc-version "4.3.1">
<!ENTITY glibc-version "2.8">
<!ENTITY python-version "2.5">
<!ENTITY glossary SYSTEM "../common/C/glossary.xml">
<!-- LEGAL URLs --><!ENTITY legalnotice SYSTEM "../libs/C/legalnotice.xml">
<!ENTITY gpl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</ulink>'>
<!ENTITY cc "http://creativecommons.org/">
<!ENTITY cc-attrib '<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/">Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5</ulink>'>
<!ENTITY cc-fulldeed-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode/">
<!ENTITY fdl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>'>
<!ENTITY cc-disclaimer-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/disclaimer-popup?lang=en">
<!-- CANONICAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY canonical-url "http://www.canonical.com">
<!-- OTHER UBUNTU RELATED RESOURCES --><!ENTITY upstart-url "http://upstart.ubuntu.com">
<!-- UBUNTU IRC INFORMATION --><!ENTITY irc-network "Freenode">
<!ENTITY irc-server "irc.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #ubuntu">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #kubuntu">
<!ENTITY xubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #xubuntu">
<!ENTITY edubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #edubuntu">
<!-- UBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY ubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-web "http://www.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-main "http://www.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-download "http://www.ubuntu.com/download">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-forums "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-components "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-wiki "http://wiki.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-bugzilla "https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+bugs">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-bugs "https://launchpad.net/products/ubuntu-doc/+bugs">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-support "http://www.ubuntu.com/support">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-paidsupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/paid">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-freesupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/free">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-comments "http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=21787">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation "http://help.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation-repos "https://docteam.ubuntu.com/repos/trunk">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-team "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-list "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-doc">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-shipit "http://shipit.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-launchpad "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-rosetta "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com/rosetta">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-planet "http://planet.ubuntu.com">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-philosophy "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-participate "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-marketplace "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/marketplace">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-hwdb "http://hwdb.ubuntu.com">
<!-- UBUNTU WIKI RESOURCES --><!ENTITY wiki-UserDocumentation "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UserDocumentation">
<!ENTITY restricted-formats "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats">
<!ENTITY wiki-RestrictedFormats "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats">
<!ENTITY wiki-XChatHowto "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/XChatHowto">
<!ENTITY wiki-RootSudo "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">
<!ENTITY wiki-HowToGetHelp "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToGetHelp">
<!ENTITY transcode "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DVDRippingandEncoding">
<!ENTITY wiki-Wine "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Wine">
<!ENTITY wiki-Cedega "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Cedega">
<!ENTITY wiki-Nano "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NanoHowto">
<!ENTITY wiki-locoteams "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeamList">
<!ENTITY wiki-BasicCommands "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BasicCommands">
<!ENTITY wiki-filepermissions "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FilePermissions">
<!-- KUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY kubuntu-web "http://www.kubuntu.org">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-main "http://www.kubuntu.org">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-download "http://releases.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com/edgy/">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-cdpackages-nodefault "http://people.ubuntu.com/~cjwatson/seeds/kubuntu-edgy/ship">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-users/">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-users "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-users/">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-devel "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-devel/">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-mirrors "http://distrowatch.com/kubuntu">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums "http://kubuntuforums.net">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki "https://wiki.kubuntu.org">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-documentation-site "http://www.kubuntu.org/documentation.php">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki-UserDocumentation "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UserDocumentation">
<!ENTITY kubuntu-support "http://www.kubuntu.org/support.php">
<!-- XUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY xubuntu-web "http://www.xubuntu.org">
<!ENTITY xubuntu-main "http://www.xubuntu.org">
<!ENTITY xubuntu-web-help "http://www.xubuntu.org/help">
<!-- DEBIAN RESOURCES --><!ENTITY debian-apt "http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">
<!-- EXTERNAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY linmodem "http://www.linmodems.org/">
<!ENTITY gnome "http://www.gnome.org/">
<!ENTITY linuxorg "http://www.linux.org/">
<!ENTITY ooo "http://www.openoffice.org/">
<!ENTITY kde "http://www.kde.org/">
<!ENTITY lugww "http://lugww.counter.li.org/">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-watch "http://distrowatch.com/ubuntu/">
<!ENTITY realplayer-download "http://www.real.com/linux/">
<!ENTITY nvu-download "http://www.nvu.com/download.html">
<!ENTITY sunjava-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
<!ENTITY xorg "http://www.x.org">
<!ENTITY dyndns "http://www.dyndns.org">
<!ENTITY shoutcast "http://www.shoutcast.com/">
<!ENTITY freedomtoaster "http://www.freedomtoaster.org/">
<!ENTITY xfce "http://www.xfce.org/">
<!-- ubuntu-screenshots TODO --><!ENTITY kubuntu-screenshots "http://shots.osdir.com/">
<!ENTITY mozilla "http://www.mozilla.org/">
<!ENTITY mozilla-firefox "http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/">
<!ENTITY gnu "http://www.gnu.org/">
<!ENTITY gnu-philosophy "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/">
<!ENTITY win4lin "http://www.win4lin.com">
<!ENTITY codeweavers "http://www.codeweavers.com">
<!ENTITY kernel "http://www.kernel.org">
<!ENTITY google "http://www.google.com">
<!ENTITY kdelook " http://www.kde-look.org">
<!ENTITY lulu-store "http://www.lulu.com/ubuntu-doc">
<!-- this entity controls the url for addons--><!ENTITY java-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
<!ENTITY skype-deb "skype_1.2.0.17-1_i386.deb">
<!ENTITY skype-download "http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb">
<!ENTITY scanmodem-gz "scanModem.gz">
<!ENTITY scanmodem-url "http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/packages/scanModem.gz">
<!ENTITY ext2fs-url "http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html">
<!ENTITY mvb-tar "mvb_1.6.tgz">
<!ENTITY mvb-url "http://www.xscd.com/pub/mvb/&mvb-tar;">
<!-- TLDP --><!ENTITY ldp-pre-install-check "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Pre-Installation-Checklist/">
<!-- LANGUAGES (sorted by two letter code)--><!ENTITY Afar "aa">
<!ENTITY Abkhazian "ab">
<!ENTITY Afrikaans "af">
<!ENTITY Amharic "af">
<!ENTITY Arabic "ar">
<!ENTITY Assamese "as">
<!ENTITY Aymara "ay">
<!ENTITY Azerbaijani "az">
<!ENTITY Bashkir "ba">
<!ENTITY Byelorussian "be">
<!ENTITY Bulgarian "bg">
<!ENTITY Bihari "bh">
<!ENTITY Bislama "bi">
<!ENTITY Bangla "bn">
<!ENTITY Bengali "bn">
<!ENTITY Tibetan "bo">
<!ENTITY Breton "br">
<!ENTITY Catalan "ca">
<!ENTITY Corsican "co">
<!ENTITY Czech "cs">
<!ENTITY Welsh "cy">
<!ENTITY Danish "da">
<!ENTITY German "de">
<!ENTITY Bhutani "dz">
<!ENTITY Greek "el">
<!-- <!ENTITY EnglishAmerican 'en'> --><!ENTITY EnglishAmerican "C">
<!ENTITY Esperanto "eo">
<!ENTITY Spanish "es">
<!ENTITY Estonian "et">
<!ENTITY Basque "eu">
<!ENTITY Persian "fa">
<!ENTITY Finnish "fi">
<!ENTITY Fiji "fj">
<!ENTITY Faeroese "fo">
<!ENTITY French "fr">
<!ENTITY Frisian "fy">
<!ENTITY Irish "ga">
<!ENTITY Gaelic "gd">
<!ENTITY ScotsGaelic "gd">
<!ENTITY Galician "gl">
<!ENTITY Guarani "gn">
<!ENTITY Gujarati "gu">
<!ENTITY Hausa "ha">
<!ENTITY Hindi "hi">
<!ENTITY Croatian "hr">
<!ENTITY Hungarian "hu">
<!ENTITY Armenian "hy">
<!ENTITY Interlingua "ia">
<!ENTITY Interlingue "ie">
<!ENTITY Inupiak "ik">
<!ENTITY Indonesian "in">
<!ENTITY Icelandic "is">
<!ENTITY Italian "it">
<!ENTITY Hebrew "iw">
<!ENTITY Japanese "ja">
<!ENTITY Yiddish "ji">
<!ENTITY Javanese "jw">
<!ENTITY Georgian "ka">
<!ENTITY Kazakh "kk">
<!ENTITY Greenlandic "kl">
<!ENTITY Cambodian "km">
<!ENTITY Kannada "kn">
<!ENTITY Korean "ko">
<!ENTITY Kashmiri "ks">
<!ENTITY Kurdish "ku">
<!ENTITY Kirghiz "ky">
<!ENTITY Latin "la">
<!ENTITY Lingala "ln">
<!ENTITY Laothian "lo">
<!ENTITY Lithuanian "lt">
<!ENTITY Latvian "lv">
<!ENTITY Lettish "lv">
<!ENTITY Malagasy "mg">
<!ENTITY Maori "mi">
<!ENTITY Macedonian "mk">
<!ENTITY Malayalam "ml">
<!ENTITY Mongolian "mn">
<!ENTITY Moldavian "mo">
<!ENTITY Marathi "mr">
<!ENTITY Malay "ms">
<!ENTITY Maltese "mt">
<!ENTITY Burmese "my">
<!ENTITY Nauru "na">
<!ENTITY Nepali "ne">
<!ENTITY Dutch "nl">
<!ENTITY Norwegian "no">
<!ENTITY Occitan "oc">
<!ENTITY Afan "om">
<!ENTITY Oromo "om">
<!ENTITY Oriya "or">
<!ENTITY Punjabi "pa">
<!ENTITY Polish "pl">
<!ENTITY Pushto "ps">
<!ENTITY Pashto "ps">
<!ENTITY Portuguese "pt">
<!ENTITY Quechua "qu">
<!ENTITY Rhaeto-Romance "rm">
<!ENTITY Kirundi "rn">
<!ENTITY Romanian "ro">
<!ENTITY Russian "ru">
<!ENTITY Kinyarwanda "rw">
<!ENTITY Sanskrit "sa">
<!ENTITY Sindhi "sd">
<!ENTITY Sangro "sg">
<!ENTITY Serbo-Croatian "sh">
<!ENTITY Singhalese "si">
<!ENTITY Slovak "sk">
<!ENTITY Slovenian "sl">
<!ENTITY Samoan "sm">
<!ENTITY Shona "sn">
<!ENTITY Somali "so">
<!ENTITY Albanian "sq">
<!ENTITY Serbian "sr">
<!ENTITY Siswati "ss">
<!ENTITY Sesotho "st">
<!ENTITY Sudanese "su">
<!ENTITY Swedish "sv">
<!ENTITY Swahili "sw">
<!ENTITY Tamil "ta">
<!ENTITY Tegulu "te">
<!ENTITY Tajik "tg">
<!ENTITY Thai "th">
<!ENTITY Tigrinya "ti">
<!ENTITY Turkmen "tk">
<!ENTITY Tagalog "tl">
<!ENTITY Setswana "tn">
<!ENTITY Tonga "to">
<!ENTITY Turkish "tr">
<!ENTITY Tsonga "ts">
<!ENTITY Tatar "tt">
<!ENTITY Twi "tw">
<!ENTITY Ukrainian "uk">
<!ENTITY Urdu "ur">
<!ENTITY Uzbek "uz">
<!ENTITY Vietnamese "vi">
<!ENTITY Volapuk "vo">
<!ENTITY Wolof "wo">
<!ENTITY Xhosa "xh">
<!ENTITY Yoruba "yo">
<!ENTITY Chinese "zh">
<!ENTITY Zulu "zu">
<!ENTITY % gnome-menus-C SYSTEM "../../libs/gnome-menus-C.ent">
<!-- MENUS --><!-- Please keep entries alphabetical, it makes them much easier to find & use --><!ENTITY about-me "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>About-me</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY accessories "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY acro-read "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Acrobat Reader</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY administration "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY aisleriot "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Games</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>AisleRiot Solitaire</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY amule "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>aMule</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY anjuta-ide "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Anjuta IDE</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY archive-man "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Archive Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY assistive-technology-preferences "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Assistive Technology Support</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY audacity "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Sound & Video</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Audacity</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY azureus "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Azureus</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY baobab "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Disk Usage Analyzer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY bittorrent "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Bittorrent</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY blender3d "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Blender 3d modeller</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY bluefish "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Bluefish Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY boot "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Boot</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY brasero "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Brasero Disc Burning</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY bum "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Boot-up Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY bzrgtk "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Programming</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Olive bazaar Branch Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY calculator "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Calculator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY character-map "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Character Map</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY compizconfig "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>CompizConfig Settings Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY computer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Computer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY connecttoserver "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Connect to Server...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY cowbell "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Sound & Video</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Cowbell Music Organizer</guimenuitem>    </menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY chromium "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Chromium</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY computer-janitor "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>System Janitor</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY desktop-background "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Desktop Background</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY desktop-effects "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Appearance</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Visual Effects</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY desktop-preferences "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY devhelp "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Programming</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Devhelp</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY device-manager "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Hardware Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY dictionary "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Dictionary</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY disks "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Disks</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY downloader-x "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Downloader for X</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY eclipse-ide "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Eclipse IDE</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY ekiga "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Ekiga Softphone</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY efax-gtk "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Efax-gtk</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY etherape "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Etherape</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY evolution-mail "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Evolution Mail</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY file-management "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>File Management</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY firefox "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Firefox Web Browser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY firestarter-firewall-tool "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Firestarter</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY five-or-more "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Games</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Five or More</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY font "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Font</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY f-spot "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>F-Spot Photo Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY frozen-bubble "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Frozen Bubble</guisubmenu></menuchoice> to play <application>Frozen Bubble</application>">
<!ENTITY gambas "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Gambas</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY games "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Games</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gdesklets "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Accessories</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>gDesklets</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gftp "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>gFTP</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gimp "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>GIMP Image Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gnome-app-install "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Add/Remove...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gnome-config-editor "<screen><command>gconf-editor</command></screen>">
<!ENTITY gnome-sound-recorder "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Sound Recorder</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gparted "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration </guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Gnome Partition Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY graphics "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gthumb "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>gThumb Image Viewer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gtkpod "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Sound & Video</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>gtkpod</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gnucash "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>GnuCash Finance Management</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY gxine "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>gxine</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY home-folder "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Home Folder</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY homebank "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>HomeBank</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY hubackup "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Home User Backup</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY hurestore "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Home User Restore</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY inkscape "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Inkscape SVG Vector Illustrator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY internet "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY kdevelop "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Programming</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KDevelop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY keyboard "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY keyboard-shortcuts "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Keyboard Shortcuts</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY language-support "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Language Support</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY liferea "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Liferea Feed Reader</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY limewire "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>LimeWire</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY lockscreen "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Lock Screen</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY login-screen-setup "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Login Window</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY mahjongg "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Games</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Mahjongg</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY menu-editor "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Accessories</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Applications Menu Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY menus-and-toolbars "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Menus & Toolbars</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY monodevelop "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>MonoDevelop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY monodoc "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>MonoDoc</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY mouse "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Mouse</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY mtink "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>mtink</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY music "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Music</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY multimedia-systems-selector "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Multimedia Systems Selector</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY ndisgtk "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Windows Wireless Drivers</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY network-proxy "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Network Proxy</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY network-tools "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Network Tools</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY networking "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Network</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY network-servers "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Network</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY neverball "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Neverball</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY neverputt "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Neverputt</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY nexuiz "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Nexuiz</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY open-office "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY openoffice-base "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Database</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY openoffice-draw "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Draw</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY openoffice-presentation "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Presentation</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY openoffice-spreadsheet "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Spreadsheet</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY openoffice-writer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Word Processor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY palmos-devices "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>PalmOS Devices</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY pan "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Pan Newsreader</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY photoprint "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>PhotoPrint</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY pidgin "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Pidgin Internet Messenger</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY power-management "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Power Management</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY ppracer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Planet Penguin Racer</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY preferences "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY preferred-applications "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Preferred Applications</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY print "<menuchoice><guimenu>File</guimenu><guimenuitem>Print</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY printing "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Printing</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY qtparted "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>System Tools</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>QTParted</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY remote-desktop "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Remote Desktop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY removable-drives-and-media "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Removable Drives and Media</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY realplayer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>RealPlayer 11</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY restricted-manager "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Hardware Drivers</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY rhythmbox "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Rhythmbox Music Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY route-planner "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>aMule</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY scorched3d "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Scorched 3D</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY screen-resolution "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Screen Resolution</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY screensaver "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Screensaver</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY scribus "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Scribus</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY serpentine "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Serpentine Audio CD Creator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY services "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Services</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY sessions "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Sessions</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY shared-folders "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Shared Folders</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY skype "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Skype</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY software-properties "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY software-sources "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY sound "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Sound</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY soundandvideo "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY soundjuicer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Audio CD Extractor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY supertux "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>SuperTux</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY shutdown "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Shut Down...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY synaptic "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Synaptic Package Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY system-monitor "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>System Monitor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY systemtools "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>System Tools</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY terminal "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Terminal</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY text-editor "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Text Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY theme "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Theme</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY thunderbird "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Mozilla Thunderbird Mail/News</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY time-date "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Time and Date</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY totem "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Movie Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY touchpad "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Touchpad</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY tremulous "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Tremulous</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY ubuntu-update-manager "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Ubuntu Update Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY update-manager "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Update Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY users "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Users and Groups</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY users-groups "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Users and Groups</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY windows "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Windows</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY wireshark "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Wireshark</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY xchat-gnome "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Xchat-GNOME IRC Chat</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY xine "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>xine</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY xmms "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>XMMS</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY xsane "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>XSane Image Scanner</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY language "en">
]>
<article lang="bg">
  <articleinfo>
    <title>–ò–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥</title>

    <legalnotice id="legal">
        <title>–ó–∞—Å–ª—É–≥–∏ –∏ –ª–∏—Ü–µ–Ω–∑</title>
        <para>–¢–æ–∑–∏ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç —Å–µ –ø–æ–¥–¥—ä—Ä–∂–∞ –æ—Ç –µ–∫–∏–ø–∞ –∑–∞ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—è –Ω–∞ Ubuntu (https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam). –°–ø–∏—Å—ä–∫—ä—Ç —Å —É—á–∞—Ç–Ω–∏—Ü–∏—Ç–µ –≤ —Ç–æ–∑–∏ –µ–∫–∏–ø –≤–∏–∂—Ç–µ –Ω–∞  <ulink url="../../libs/C/contributors.xml">contributors page</ulink></para>
        <para>–¢–æ–∑–∏ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç –µ –¥–æ—Å—Ç—ä–ø–µ–Ω –ø–æ–¥ –ª–∏—Ü–µ–Ω–∑–∞ Creative Commons ShareAlike 2.5 (CC-BY-SA).</para>
        <para>–ò–º–∞—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Ç–æ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–æ –¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–º–µ–Ω—è—Ç–µ, —Ä–∞–∑—à–∏—Ä—è–≤–∞—Ç–µ –∏ –ø–æ–¥–æ–±—Ä—è–≤–∞—Ç–µ –∏–∑—Ö–æ–¥–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ–¥ –Ω–∞ Ubuntu –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ–∑–∏ –ª–∏—Ü–µ–Ω–∑. –í—Å–∏—á–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–Ω–∏ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–∏ —Ç—Ä—è–±–≤–∞ –¥–∞ –±—ä–¥–∞—Ç –ø–æ–¥ —Å–∏–ª–∞—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ–∑–∏ –ª–∏—Ü–µ–Ω–∑.</para>
        <para>–¢–æ–∑–∏ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç —Å–µ —Ä–∞–∑–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—è–≤–∞ —Å –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–∞—Ç–∞, —á–µ —â–µ –±—ä–¥–µ –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–µ–Ω, –Ω–æ –ë–ï–ó –ù–ò–ö–ê–ö–í–ê –ì–ê–†–ê–ù–¶–ò–Ø; –¥–æ—Ä–∏ –±–µ–∑ –∫–æ—Å–≤–µ–Ω–∞ –≥–∞—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü–∏—è –∑–∞ –ì–û–î–ù–û–°–¢ –ó–ê –ü–†–û–î–ê–ñ–ë–ê –∏–ª–∏ –ü–†–ò–ì–û–î–ù–û–°–¢ –ó–ê –£–ü–û–¢–†–ï–ë–ê –° –û–ü–†–ï–î–ï–õ–ï–ù–ê –¶–ï–õ, –ö–ê–ö–¢–û –ï –û–ü–ò–°–ê–ù–û –í –†–ê–ó–î–ï–õ–ê –û–¢–ö–ê–ó–í–ê–ù–ï –û–¢ –ü–†–ê–í–ê.</para>
        <para>–ö–æ–ø–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –ª–∏—Ü–µ–Ω–∑–∞ –º–æ–∂–µ –¥–∞ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ —Ç—É–∫:  <ulink url="/usr/share/ubuntu-docs/libs/C/ccbysa.xml">Creative Commons ShareAlike License</ulink>.</para>
    </legalnotice>
<copyright>
    <year>2008</year>
    <holder>Canonical Ltd. –∏ —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–∞ <ulink url="https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-core-doc">–ü—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç—ä—Ç –∑–∞ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—è –Ω–∞ Ubuntu</ulink></holder>
</copyright>
<publisher>
    <publishername>–ü—Ä–æ–∫–µ—Ç—ä—Ç –∑–∞ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—è –Ω–∞ Ubuntu</publishername>
</publisher>

  </articleinfo>
  <sect1 id="using-this-guide" status="review">
    <title>–†–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ —Å —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ç–æ</title>
    <para>
      <emphasis>–ü–æ–¥ Linux –∏–º–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–∏ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–Ω–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –≤ –∫–æ–∏—Ç–æ –º–æ–∂–µ –¥–∞ —Å–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∏ —Å –∫–ª–∏–∫–≤–∞–Ω–µ –∏ –≤–ª–∞—á–µ–Ω–µ —Å –º–∏—à–∫–∞—Ç–∞ –∏ —Ç–æ–≤–∞ –≤–æ–¥–∏ –¥–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–µ—â–∏ —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—Ç–∞—Ç–∏ –±–µ–∑ –ø—ä—Ä–≤–æ –¥–∞ —Å–µ –ø—Ä–æ—á–µ—Ç–µ –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω–æ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—è.
–¢—Ä–∞–¥–∏—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ –∑–∞ Unix –µ CLI(–∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–æ –æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∞), –≤ –∫–æ—è—Ç–æ —Å–µ –∏–∑–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–∏ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏, –∫–æ–∏—Ç–æ –¥–∞ —É–∫–∞–∂–∞—Ç –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–ø—é—Ç—ä—Ä–∞ –∫–∞–∫–≤–æ –¥–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏.–¢–æ–≤–∞ –µ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ-–±—ä—Ä–∑–æ –∏ –º–æ—â–Ω–æ, –Ω–æ –∏–∑–∏—Å–∫–≤–∞ –ø—ä—Ä–≤–æ –¥–∞ —Å–µ —Ä–∞–∑–±–µ—Ä–µ –∑–∞ –∫–∞–∫–≤–æ —Å–ª—É–∂–∞—Ç –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏—Ç–µ - –æ—Ç <emphasis role="strong">–£–≤–æ–¥ –≤ —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ç–æ</emphasis></emphasis>
    </para>
    <para>–¢–æ–≤–∞ —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ —â–µ –≤–∏ –∑–∞–ø–æ–∑–Ω–∞–µ —Å –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏—Ç–µ —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∏ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ –≤ "–ì–ù–£/–õ–∏–Ω—É–∫—Å". –¢–æ –Ω—è–º–∞ –∑–∞ —Ü–µ–ª –¥–∞ –µ –ø—ä–ª–Ω–æ, –∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –¥–∞ –¥–æ–ø—ä–ª–Ω–∏ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–Ω–∏—Ç–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ "Ubuntu".</para>
    <para>
      <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>–í—Å–∏—á–∫–∏ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏, –∏–º–µ–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ –∏–ª–∏ –ø—ä—Ç–∏—â–∞ –∫—ä–º –ø–∞–ø–∫–∏ —â–µ –±—ä–¥–∞—Ç –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑—è–≤–∞–Ω–∏ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–π–∫–∏ <command>monospace font</command>.</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>–í—Å–∏—á–∫–∏ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ –≤ —Ç–æ–≤–∞ —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–µ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞—Ç, –∫–∞—Ç–æ —Å–µ –≤—ä–≤–µ–¥–∞—Ç –≤ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥ –Ω–∞ <application>–¢–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª</application> –∏ —â–µ –±—ä–¥–∞—Ç –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏ –∫–∞—Ç–æ <screen>"–≤—ä–≤–µ–¥–µ—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞"</screen></para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para><emphasis role="strong">–ó–∞–±–µ–ª–µ–∂–∫–∞: –í Linux –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∏—Ç–µ –∏ –º–∞–ª–∫–∏—Ç–µ –±—É–∫–≤–∏ –∏–º–∞—Ç –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ.</emphasis>User, user –∏ USER —Å–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ—â–∞ –≤ Linux.</para>
    </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="starting-terminal" status="review">
    <title>–°—Ç–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –¢–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª</title>
    <para>–ó–∞ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ <application>–¢–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª</application> –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–µ—Ç–µ —Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–æ—Ç–æ:</para>
    <para>
      <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>–ò–∑–±–µ—Ä–µ—Ç–µ <menuchoice><guimenu>–ü—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–∏</guimenu><guimenuitem>–ü–æ–º–æ—â–Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–∏</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>–¢–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª</guimenuitem></menuchoice>;</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>–ò–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—Ç–∏—Å–Ω–µ—Ç–µ <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> –∏ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ <command>gnome-terminal</command>.</para>
    </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
   </sect1>

  <sect1 id="files-directories-commands" status="review">
    <title>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ –∑–∞ –§–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ –∏ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∏</title>

    <sect2 id="cd" status="review">
      <title>cd</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>cd</command> —Å–º–µ–Ω—è –ø–∞–ø–∫–∏—Ç–µ. –ö–æ–≥–∞—Ç–æ –æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ –¢–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª, —â–µ –±—ä–¥–µ –æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∞ –≤–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞. –ó–∞ –¥–∞ —Å–µ –ø—Ä–∏–¥–≤–∏–∂–≤–∞—Ç–µ –∏–∑ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–Ω–∏—Ç–µ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ, –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>cd</command>.</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>–ó–∞ –¥–∞ –æ—Ç–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ –≤ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>cd /</screen></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>–ó–∞ –¥–∞ –æ—Ç–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ –≤ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –¥–∏—Ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>cd</screen> –∏–ª–∏ <screen>cd ~</screen></para>
        <note>
                <para>–ó–Ω–∞–∫—ä—Ç <command>~</command> –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–≤–∞ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏—è –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª. –ö–∞–∫—Ç–æ –≤–∏–∂–¥–∞—Ç–µ –æ—Ç–≥–æ—Ä–µ, <command>cd ~</command> –µ –µ–∫–≤–∏–≤–∞–ª–µ–Ω—Ç–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ <command>cd /home/username/</command>. –ö–æ–≥–∞—Ç–æ –∏–∑–ø—ä–ª–Ω—è–≤–∞—Ç–µ —Ç–∞–∑–∏ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞ –∫–∞—Ç–æ root (–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ <command>sudo</command>), <command>~</command> —Å–æ—á–∏ –∫—ä–º <filename class="directory">/root</filename>. –ö–æ–≥–∞—Ç–æ –∏–∑–ø—ä–ª–Ω—è–≤–∞—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞ —Å <command>sudo</command>, —Ç—Ä—è–±–≤–∞ –¥–∞ –±—ä–¥–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω –ø—ä–ª–Ω–∏—è –ø—ä—Ç –¥–æ –≤–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞.</para>
      </note>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>–ó–∞ –¥–∞ –æ—Ç–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–∞/—Ä–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—Å–∫–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>cd ..</screen></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>–ó–∞ –¥–∞ —Å–µ –≤—ä—Ä–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –≤ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–∏—à–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞ (–∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–∑–∞–¥), –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>cd -</screen></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>–ó–∞ –¥–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∑ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–∏–≤–∞ –æ—Ç –ø–∞–ø–∫–∏ –Ω–∞–≤–µ–∂–¥–Ω—ä–∂, —É–∫–∞–∂–µ—Ç–µ –ø—ä–ª–Ω–∏—è –ø—ä—Ç –Ω–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞—Ç–∞, –¥–æ –∫–æ—è—Ç–æ –∏—Å–∫–∞—Ç–µ –¥–∞ —Å—Ç–∏–≥–Ω–µ—Ç–µ. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>cd /var/www</screen>, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ –æ—Ç–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ –¥–∏—Ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ –≤ <filename class="directory">/www</filename> –ø–æ–¥–ø–∞–ø–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ <filename class="directory">/var/</filename>. –î—Ä—É–≥ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>cd ~/–ü–ª–æ—Ç</screen>, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ —Å–µ –ø—Ä–µ–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –≤ –ø–æ–¥–ø–∞–ø–∫–∞ <filename class="directory">–ü–ª–æ—Ç</filename> –≤—ä–≤ –≤–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="pwd" status="review">
      <title>pwd</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>pwd</command> –∏–∑–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –µ–∫—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ –≤ –∫–æ—è –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞ —Å–µ –Ω–∞–º–∏—Ä–∞—Ç–µ –≤ –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ (<acronym>pwd</acronym> –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–≤–∞ <quote>–æ—Ç–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–≤–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞</quote>). –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞–Ω–µ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ <screen>pwd</screen> –≤ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞—Ç–∞ <filename class="directory">–ü–ª–æ—Ç</filename> —â–µ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∂–µ <computeroutput>/home/–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª/–ü–ª–æ—Ç</computeroutput>. <note>
      <para><application>GNOME –¢–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª</application> —Å—ä—â–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∞ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–≤–∞ —Ç–∞–∑–∏ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è –≤ –∑–∞–≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –ª–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ—è –ø—Ä–æ–∑–æ—Ä–µ—Ü.</para>
    </note></para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="ls" status="review">
      <title>ls</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>ls</command> –∏–∑–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –µ–∫—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ —Å–ø–∏—Å—ä–∫ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ—Ç–µ –≤ —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞–Ω–µ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ <screen>ls ~</screen>—â–µ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∂–µ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ—Ç–µ –≤—ä–≤ –≤–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞.</para>
      <para>–ò–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∞ —Å –æ–ø—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ <command>-l</command>, <command>ls</command> –∏–∑–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –µ–∫—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–∞ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è —Å –∏–º–µ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞, –∫–∞—Ç–æ —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –≤—ä—Ä—Ö—É —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞ –∏ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="cp" status="review">
      <title>cp</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>cp</command> –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏ –∫–æ–ø–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>cp foo bar</screen>, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ –∫–æ–ø–∏–µ –Ω–∞ <filename>foo</filename> –∏ –¥–∞ –≥–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω—É–≤–∞—Ç–µ <filename>bar</filename>. <filename>foo</filename> –Ω—è–º–∞ –¥–∞ –±—ä–¥–µ –ø—Ä–æ–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="mv" status="review">
      <title>mv</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>mv</command> –ø—Ä–µ–º–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª –Ω–∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ –º–µ—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–ª–∏ —â–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω—É–≤–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–∏: <screen>mv foo bar</screen> —â–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω—É–≤–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞ <filename>foo</filename> –Ω–∞ <filename>bar</filename>. <screen>mv foo ~/Desktop</screen> —â–µ –ø—Ä–µ–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞ <filename>foo</filename> –≤—ä–≤ –≤–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞ <filename class="directory">–ü–ª–æ—Ç</filename>, –Ω–æ –Ω—è–º–∞ –¥–∞ –≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω—É–≤–∞.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="rm" status="review">
      <title>rm</title>
      <para><command>rm</command> —Å–µ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞ –∑–∞ –∏–∑—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ. <screen>rm foo</screen> –∏–∑—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞ <filename>foo</filename> –æ—Ç —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞.</para>
      <para>–ü–æ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–µ, <command>rm</command> –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–µ–º–∞—Ö–≤–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∏. –ó–∞ –¥–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–º–∞—Ö–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞, —Ç—Ä—è–±–≤–∞ –¥–∞ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞—Ç–µ –æ–ø—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ <command>-R</command>. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä: <screen>rm -R foobar</screen> —â–µ –ø—Ä–µ–º–∞—Ö–Ω–µ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞—Ç–∞ foobar, <emphasis role="strong">–∏ —Ü—è–ª–æ—Ç–æ –π —Å—ä–¥—ä—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ!</emphasis></para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="mkdir" status="review">
      <title>mkdir</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>mkdir</command> –≤–∏ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–≤–∞ –¥–∞ —Å—ä–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç–µ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∏. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞–Ω–µ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞: <screen>mkdir music</screen> —â–µ —Å—ä–∑–¥–∞–¥–µ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞ —Å –∏–º–µ—Ç–æ <filename class="directory">music</filename> –≤ —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–∞–ø–∫–∞.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="sys-info-commands" status="review">
    <title>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ –∑–∞ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–Ω–∞ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è</title>

    <sect2 id="df" status="review">
      <title>df</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>df</command> –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–≤–∞ –¥–∏—Å–∫–æ–≤–æ—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–Ω–æ –æ—Ç –≤—Å–∏—á–∫–∏ –¥—è–ª–æ–≤–µ. <screen>df -h</screen> —â–µ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∂–µ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ –≤ –º–µ–≥–∞–±–∞–π—Ç–∏ (M) –∏ –≥–∏–≥–∞–±–∞–π—Ç–∏ (G) –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –±–ª–æ–∫–æ–≤–µ (<emphasis role="strong">-h</emphasis> –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–≤–∞ "–∑–∞ —á–µ—Ç–µ–Ω–µ –æ—Ç —Ö–æ—Ä–∞").</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="free" status="review">
      <title>free</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>free</command> –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–≤–∞ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ç–æ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–∞ –∏ –Ω–µ–∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –ø–∞–º–µ—Ç –≤ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∞. <screen>free -m</screen> —â–µ –≤–∏ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∂–µ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è –≤ –º–µ–≥–∞–±–∞–π—Ç–∏, –∫–æ—è—Ç–æ –µ –Ω–∞–π-–ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–ø—é—Ç—Ä–∏.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="top" status="review">
      <title>top</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>top</command> –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–≤–∞ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è –∑–∞ –≤–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞ GNU/Linux —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞, –∏–∑–ø—ä–ª–Ω—è–≤–∞—â–∏—Ç–µ —Å–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å–∏ –∏ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–Ω–∏ —Ä–µ—Å—É—Ä—Å–∏, –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å–æ—Ä, –ø–∞–º–µ—Ç &, –∑–∞–µ—Ç–∞ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–∞–ª–Ω–∞ –ø–∞–º–µ—Ç –∏ –æ–±—â –±—Ä–æ–π –Ω–∞ –∏–∑–ø—ä–ª–Ω—è–≤–∞—â–∏—Ç–µ —Å–µ –∑–∞–¥–∞—á–∏. –ó–∞ –¥–∞ —Å–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–µ <application>top</application>, –Ω–∞—Ç–∏—Å–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –∫–ª–∞–≤–∏—à–∞ <keycap>q</keycap>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="uname" status="review">
      <title>uname</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>uname</command> —Å –æ–ø—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ <emphasis role="strong">-a</emphasis>, –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–≤–∞ —Ü—è–ª–∞—Ç–∞ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–Ω–∞ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è, –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–Ω–æ –∏–º–µ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –º–∞—à–∏–Ω–∞—Ç–∞, –∏–º–µ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ —è–¥—Ä–æ—Ç–æ &, –≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—è—Ç–∞ –∏ –Ω—è–∫–æ–∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ù–∞–π-–ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–µ —è–¥—Ä–æ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞—Ç–µ.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="lsb_release" status="review">
      <title>lsb_release</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>lsb_release</command> —Å –æ–ø—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ <emphasis role="strong">-a</emphasis>, –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–≤–∞ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è –∑–∞ –≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—è—Ç–∞ –∑–∞ –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ Linux-–∞, –∫–æ–π—Ç–æ –∏–∑–ø—ä–ª–Ω—è–≤–∞—Ç–µ. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞–Ω–µ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞: <screen>lsb_release -a</screen> —â–µ –≤–∏ –¥–∞–¥–µ: <screen>
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 9.04
Release:        9.04
Codename:       jaunty</screen></para>
    </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="elevated-privileges" status="review">
    <title>–ò–∑–ø—ä–ª–Ω—è–≤–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ —Å –ø–æ-–≤–∏—Å–æ–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–∏–ª–µ–≥–∏–∏</title>
    <para>–ü—Ä–µ–¥ —Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ —Ç—Ä—è–±–≤–∞ –¥–∞ –∏–º–∞ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>sudo</command>. –ú–æ–ª—è, –≤–∏–∂—Ç–µ <ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">RootSudo</ulink> –∑–∞ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è –∫–∞–∫ –¥–∞ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞—Ç–µ <command>sudo</command>.</para>

    <sect2 id="add-group" status="review">
      <title>–î–æ–±–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≥—Ä—É–ø–∞</title>
      <para>–ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>addgroup</command> —Å–µ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞ –∑–∞ —Å—ä–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≥—Ä—É–ø–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∞. –ó–∞ –¥–∞ —Å—ä–∑–¥–∞–¥–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≥—Ä—É–ø–∞, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>addgroup newgroup</screen> –ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ –æ—Ç–≥–æ—Ä–µ —â–µ —Å—ä–∑–¥–∞–¥–µ –Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≥—Ä—É–ø–∞ —Å –∏–º–µ—Ç–æ <emphasis role="strong">newgroup</emphasis>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="add-user" status="review">
      <title>–î–æ–±–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –Ω–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª</title>
      <para><command>adduser</command> —Å–µ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞ –∑–∞ –¥–æ–±–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –Ω–æ–≤–∏ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –≤ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∞. –ó–∞ –¥–∞ —Å—ä–∑–¥–∞–¥–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>adduser newuser</screen> –ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ –æ—Ç–≥–æ—Ä–µ —â–µ —Å—ä–∑–¥–∞–¥–µ –Ω–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª —Å –∏–º–µ—Ç–æ <emphasis role="strong">newuser</emphasis>.</para>
      <para>–ó–∞ –¥–∞ –∑–∞–¥–∞–¥–µ—Ç–µ –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –Ω–æ–≤–∏—è –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª, –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>passwd</command>: <screen>passwd newuser</screen></para>
      <para>–ù–∞–∫—Ä–∞—è, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ –Ω–æ–≤–∏—è –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª –≤ –≥—Ä—É–ø–∞, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ: <screen>adduser newuser newgroup</screen></para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="options" status="review">
    <title>–û–ø—Ü–∏–∏</title>
    <para>–ü–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ—Ç–æ –ø–æ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞ –æ–±–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–æ –º–æ–∂–µ –¥–∞ –±—ä–¥–µ –ø—Ä–æ–º–µ–Ω—è–Ω–æ –∫–∞—Ç–æ –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ <emphasis role="strong">-- <emphasis>–æ–ø—Ü–∏—è</emphasis></emphasis> –∫—ä–º –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞. –ö–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <link linkend="ls"><command>ls</command></link>, –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –∏–º–∞ –æ–ø—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ <emphasis role="strong">-s</emphasis>, —Ç–∞–∫–∞ —á–µ <command>ls -s</command> —â–µ –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∏ –≥–æ–ª–µ–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ—Ç–µ –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å—ä–∫–∞. –°—ä—â–æ –∏–º–∞ –∏ –æ–ø—Ü–∏—è <emphasis role="strong">-h</emphasis>, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ –≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ —Ç–µ–∑–∏ –≥–æ–ª–µ–º–∏–Ω–∏ –≤—ä–≤ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ç "—á–µ—Ç–µ–Ω–µ –æ—Ç —Ö–æ—Ä–∞".</para>
    <para>–û–ø—Ü–∏–∏—Ç–µ –º–æ–≥–∞—Ç –¥–∞ –±—ä–¥–∞—Ç –≥—Ä—É–ø–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–∏ –µ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, —Ç–∞–∫–∞ —á–µ <screen>ls -sh</screen> –µ —Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ —Å—ä—â–∞—Ç–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞ –∫–∞—Ç–æ <screen>ls -s -h</screen> –ü–æ–≤–µ—á–µ—Ç–æ –æ–ø—Ü–∏–∏ –∏–º–∞—Ç –¥—ä–ª–≥–∞ –≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—è, –∫–∞—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥ –Ω–µ—è –∏–º–∞—Ç –¥–≤–µ —Ç–∏—Ä–µ—Ç–∞ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –µ–¥–Ω–æ, —Ç–∞–∫–∞ —á–µ –¥–æ—Ä–∏ <screen>ls --size --human-readable</screen> –µ —Å—ä—â–∞—Ç–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="man-help" status="review">
    <title>"Man" –∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–≤–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–º–æ—â</title>
    <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis>–∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞</emphasis> --help</emphasis> –∏ <emphasis role="strong">man <emphasis>–∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞</emphasis></emphasis> —Å–∞ –Ω–∞–π-–≤–∞–∂–Ω–∏—Ç–µ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∏ –≤ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.</para>
    <para>–í–∏—Ä—Ç—É–∞–ª–Ω–æ –≤—Å–∏—á–∫–∏ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞—Ç –æ–ø—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ <emphasis role="strong">-h</emphasis> (–∏–ª–∏ –æ–ø—Ü–∏—è—Ç–∞ <emphasis role="strong">--help</emphasis>), –∫–æ—è—Ç–æ —â–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏ –∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–æ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ –∏ –Ω–µ–π–Ω–∏—Ç–µ –æ–ø—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —â–µ –≤–∏ –≤—ä—Ä–Ω–µ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ–≤–æ –≤ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.) –ù–∞–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ <screen>man -h</screen> –∏–ª–∏ <screen>man --help</screen>, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ –≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ —Ç–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ.</para>
    <para>–í—Å—è–∫–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞ –∏ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –≤—Å—è–∫–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–∞ –≤ Linux –∏–º–∞ man (—Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ) —Ñ–∞–π–ª, —Ç–∞–∫–∞ —á–µ –Ω–∞–º–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–µ—Ç–æ –∏–º –µ —Ç–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ, –∫–∞–∫—Ç–æ –¥–∞ –Ω–æ–ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ <command>man –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞</command>, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ –∏–∑–≤–∏–∫–∞—Ç–µ –ø–æ-–¥—ä–ª–≥–æ —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∑–∞ –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ <screen>man mv</screen> —â–µ –∏–∑–≤–∏–∫–∞ —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ <command>mv</command> (move).</para>
    <para>–ü—Ä–µ–≤—ä—Ä—Ç–µ—Ç–µ —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª—É –∏ –Ω–∞–≥–æ—Ä–µ —Å –∫–ª–∞–≤–∏—à–∏—Ç–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∫–∏ –∏ —Å–µ –≤—ä—Ä–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –±—ä—Ä–∑–æ –≤ –¢–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª —Å –∫–ª–∞–≤–∏—à–∞ <keycap>q</keycap>.</para>
    <para><screen>man man</screen> —â–µ –∏–∑–≤–∏–∫–∞ —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ç–æ –∑–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>man</command>, –∫–æ–µ—Ç–æ –µ –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ –º—è—Å—Ç–æ –∑–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ.</para>
    <para><screen>man intro</screen> –µ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ - –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–≤–∞ "Introduction to user commands" (–í—ä–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª—Å–∫–∏—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏), –∫–æ–µ—Ç–æ –µ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ –¥–æ–±—Ä–µ, –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥ –Ω–∞ Linux.</para>
    <para>–ò–º–∞ —Å—ä—â–æ <command>info</command> —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–∏, , –∫–æ–∏—Ç–æ –±–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–æ —Å–∞ –ø–æ-–∑–∞–¥—ä–ª–±–æ—á–µ–Ω–∏ –æ—Ç <command>man</command> —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–∏—Ç–µ. –ü—Ä–æ–±–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ <screen>info info</screen> –∑–∞ –≤—ä–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ info —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–∏—Ç–µ.</para>

    <sect2 id="searching-ma" status="review">
      <title>–¢—ä—Ä—Å–µ–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ man —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ</title>
      <para>–ê–∫–æ –Ω–µ —Å—Ç–µ —Å–∏–≥—É—Ä–Ω–∏ –∫–æ—è –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞ –∏–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–∞ —Ç—Ä—è–±–≤–∞ –¥–∞ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞—Ç–µ, –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –¥–∞ –ø–æ—Ç—ä—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ –∑–∞ man —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ.</para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><command>man -k foo</command>, —â–µ —Ç—ä—Ä—Å–∏ man —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ –∑–∞ <emphasis>foo</emphasis>. –ü—Ä–æ–±–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ <screen>man -k nautilus</screen>, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ –≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ –∫–∞–∫ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∏. <note>
          <para>–¢–æ–≤–∞ –µ —Å—ä—â–æ—Ç–æ –∫–∞—Ç–æ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>apropos</command>.</para>
        </note></para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para><command>man -f foo</command>, —Ç—ä—Ä—Å–∏ —Å–∞–º–æ –∑–∞–≥–ª–∞–≤–∏—è—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ –≤–∞—à–∏—Ç–µ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–Ω–∏ man —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –ø—Ä–æ–±–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ <screen>man -f gnome</screen><note>
          <para>–¢–æ–≤–∞ –µ —Å—ä—â–æ—Ç–æ –∫–∞—Ç–æ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞ <command>whatis</command>.</para>
        </note></para>
    </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

<sect1 id="cut-paste" status="review">
    <title>–ò–∑—Ä—è–∑–≤–∞–Ω–µ –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ</title>
    <para>–ß–µ—Å—Ç–æ, —â–µ —Å—Ç–µ –Ω–∞—Å–æ—á–≤–∞–Ω–∏ –∫—ä–º –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ–∏—Ç–æ –∏–∑–∏—Å–∫–≤–∞—Ç –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ –¥–∞ —Å–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤—è—Ç –≤ —Ç–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª–∞.</para>
    <para>–ú–æ–∂–µ –¥–∞ —Å–µ —á—É–¥–∏—Ç–µ –∑–∞—â–æ —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç –∫–æ–ø–∏—Ä–∞–Ω –æ—Ç —É–µ–± —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ —Å <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo> –Ω—è–º–∞ –¥–∞ —Å–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏ —Å <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>V</keycap></keycombo>, —à–µ–ª–∞ –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–±–∏–Ω–∞—Ü–∏—è –∑–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ <keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap></keycombo>. –¢–æ–≤–∞ —Å—ä—â–æ –º–æ–∂–µ –¥–∞ —Å–µ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏ —Å –º–∏—à–∫–∞—Ç–∞, –∫–∞—Ç–æ –Ω–∞—Ç–∏—Å–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –¥–µ—Å–Ω–∏—è –±—É—Ç–æ–Ω –Ω–∞ –º–∏—à–∫–∞—Ç–∞ –≤ —Ç–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª –∏ –∏–∑–±–µ—Ä–µ—Ç–µ <menuchoice><guimenuitem>–ü–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ</guimenuitem></menuchoice> –æ—Ç –º–µ–Ω—é—Ç–æ.</para>
    <para>–°—ä—â–æ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –¥–∞ –∏–∑–±–µ—Ä–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–∏—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ –≤—ä–≤ –≤–∞—à–∏—è —É–µ–± –±—Ä–∞—É–∑—ä—Ä –∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Ç–∏—Å–Ω–µ—Ç–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏—è –±—É—Ç–æ–Ω –Ω–∞ –º–∏—à–∫–∞—Ç–∞ (–∏–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Ç–∏—Å–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –µ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∏ –¥–≤–∞—Ç–∞ –±—É—Ç–æ–Ω–∞) –≤ —Ç–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞.</para>
    <note><para>–¢–µ–∑–∏ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –º–æ–≥–∞—Ç –¥–∞ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–≤–∞—Ç –Ω–µ—â–æ –Ω–∞–ø—ä–ª–Ω–æ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏ —Ç–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª–Ω–∏ –µ–º—É–ª–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏. –ö–æ–Ω—Å—É–ª—Ç–∏—Ä–∞–π—Ç–µ —Å–µ —Å –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—è –Ω–∞ –µ–º—É–ª–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∑–∞ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏.</para></note>
</sect1>

  <sect1 id="other-things" status="review">
    <title>–î—Ä—É–≥–∏ –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ—â–∞</title>
    <sect2 id="save-typing" status="review">
      <title>–ó–∞–ø–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ—Ç–æ</title>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colname="col_0"/>
          <colspec colname="col_1"/>
          <colspec colname="col_2"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para><keycap>–°—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∫–∞ –Ω–∞–≥–æ—Ä–µ</keycap> –∏–ª–∏ <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>p</keycap></keycombo></para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–ü—Ä–µ–≤—ä—Ä—Ç–∞–Ω–µ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏—Ç–µ, –∫–æ–∏—Ç–æ –≤–µ—á–µ —Å—Ç–µ –≤—ä–≤–µ–∂–¥–∞–ª–∏.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para><keycap>–°—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∫–∞ –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª—É</keycap> –∏–ª–∏ <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>n</keycap></keycombo></para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–í—Ä—ä—â–∞ –≤–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ-—Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ—à–Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para>
                  <keycap>Enter</keycap>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–ö–æ–≥–∞—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–∞, –∫–æ—è—Ç–æ –≤–∏ —Ç—Ä—è–±–≤–∞.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para>
                  <keycap>Tab</keycap>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è. –ê–≤—Ç–æ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–Ω–æ –¥–æ–≤—ä—Ä—à–≤–∞ –≤—Å–∏—á–∫–∏ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ, –∞–∫–æ –∏–º–∞ —Å–∞–º–æ –µ–¥–∏–Ω –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç –∏–ª–∏ –≤–∏ –¥–∞–≤–∞ —Å–ø–∏—Å—ä–∫ —Å –æ–ø—Ü–∏–∏.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="change-text" status="review">
      <title>–ü—Ä–æ–º–µ–Ω—è–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç–∞</title>
      <para>–ú–∏—à–∫–∞—Ç–∞ –Ω—è–º–∞ –¥–∞ —Å–≤—ä—Ä—à–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞. –ò–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –∫–ª–∞–≤–∏—à–∏—Ç–µ <keycap>–°—Ç–µ–ª–∫–∞ –ù–∞–ª—è–≤–æ/–ù–∞–¥—è—Å–Ω–æ</keycap>, –∑–∞ –¥–∞ —Å–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–∏–∂–≤–∞—Ç–µ –ø–æ —Ä–µ–¥–∞.</para>
      <para>–ö–æ–≥–∞—Ç–æ –∫—É—Ä—Å–æ—Ä–∞ –µ —Ç–∞–º, –∫—ä–¥–µ—Ç–æ –∏—Å–∫–∞—Ç–µ –¥–∞ –±—ä–¥–µ, –ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–µ—Ç–æ <emphasis>–≤–º—ä–∫–≤–∞</emphasis> —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç, –±–µ–∑ –¥–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–≤–∞, —Ç–æ–≤–∞ –∫–æ–µ—Ç–æ –≤–µ—á–µ –µ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ.</para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colname="col_0"/>
          <colspec colname="col_1"/>
          <colspec colname="col_2"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>a</keycap></keycombo> –∏–ª–∏ <keycap>Home</keycap></para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–ü—Ä–µ–º–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∫—É—Ä—Å–æ—Ä–∞ –≤ <emphasis>–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ—Ç–æ</emphasis> –Ω–∞ —Ä–µ–¥–∞.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>e</keycap></keycombo> –∏–ª–∏ <keycap>End</keycap></para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–ü—Ä–µ–º–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∫—É—Ä—Å–æ—Ä–∞ –≤ <emphasis> –∫—Ä–∞—è</emphasis> –Ω–∞ —Ä–µ–¥–∞.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para>
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
            <keycap>k</keycap>
          </keycombo>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–ò–∑—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞ –æ—Ç —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–æ–∑–∏—Ü–∏—è –Ω–∞ –∫—É—Ä—Å–æ—Ä–∞ –¥–æ –∫—Ä–∞—è –Ω–∞ —Ä–µ–¥–∞.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para>
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
            <keycap>u</keycap>
          </keycombo>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–ò–∑—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞ —Ü–µ–ª–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
                <para>
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
            <keycap>w</keycap>
          </keycombo>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
                <para>–ò–∑—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞ –¥—É–º–∞—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∫—É—Ä—Å–æ—Ä–∞.</para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="more-info" status="review">
    <title>–ü–æ–≤–µ—á–µ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è</title>
    <para>–î–æ—Å—Ç—ä–ø–Ω–∏ —Å–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ç–µ –æ–Ω–ª–∞–π–Ω —É–ø—ä—Ç–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptGetHowto"> –ö–∞–∫ –¥–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∏–º —Å apt-get</ulink> - –∏–∑–ø–æ–ª–∑–≤–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ apt-get –∑–∞ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –ø–∞–∫–µ—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/CommandLine"> –†–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ç–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—â–∞ –æ—Ç –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥</ulink> - –¥–æ–±–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—â–∞—Ç–∞ Universe/Multiverse –ø—Ä–µ–∑ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/grep">–ö–∞–∫ –¥–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∏–º —Å grep</ulink> - grep –µ –º–æ—â–µ–Ω –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç –∑–∞ —Ç—ä—Ä—Å–µ–Ω–µ –≤ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/find">find </ulink> - –Ω–∞–º–∏—Ä–∞ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–µ –≤ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommandlineHowto"> –ö–∞–∫ –¥–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∏–º —Å –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥</ulink> - –ø–æ-–¥—ä–ª—ä–≥ –∏ –ø–æ-–ø—ä–ª–µ–Ω –æ—Ç —Ç–æ–≤–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ —É–ø—ä—Ç–≤–∞–Ω–µ, –Ω–æ –≤—Å–µ –æ—â–µ –Ω–µ–∑–∞–≤—ä—Ä—à–µ–Ω.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToReadline"> HowToReadline</ulink> - –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è –∑–∞ –Ω—è–∫–æ–∏ –ø–æ-–Ω–∞–ø—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∞–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Ä—Å–æ–Ω–∞–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>–ó–∞ –ø–æ-–ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–∏ —Ä—ä–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∑–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥ –Ω–∞ Linux, –º–æ–ª—è –≤–∏–∂—Ç–µ:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://linuxcommand.org/"/>- –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏ BASH —É–ø—ä—Ç–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–Ω–æ BASH –ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø—Ç–æ–≤–µ</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://linuxsurvival.com/index.php"/>- Java –±–∞–∑–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–∏ —É–ø—ä—Ç–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://rute.2038bug.com/index.html.gz"/>- –≥–æ–ª—è–º–∞ –æ–Ω–ª–∞–π–Ω –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∞ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–Ω–æ –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∏—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–∞ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∞ –æ—Ç –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–¥.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>
</article>